[22] In ASC-P-encapsulated PLA nanoparticles, ionic strength, an

[22]. In ASC-P-encapsulated PLA nanoparticles, ionic strength, and the degassing step affected ASC-P stability. Use of the PLA nanoparticle is a promising formulation for ASC-P stabilization. 1.6. ASC-P Nanosuspension Teeranachaideekul et al. investigated the feasibility of applying nanosuspension technology

by high-pressure homogenization (DissoCubes technology) to enhance the chemical stability of ASC-P, followed by lyophilization [23]. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and Tween 80 were used as emulsifying agents to stabilize the developed Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical ASC-P nanosuspensions. Tween 80 more effectively stabilized the nanoparticles than SDS. The percentage of ASC-P remaining in the nanosuspensions stabilized with Tween 80 was >90% after 3-month storage at 4°C, 25°C, and 40°C. The mean size of the ASC-P nanosuspensions prepared by redispersion Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of the lyophilized product was significantly higher compared with the system using 2–10% trehalose as a cryoprotectant. DissoCubes technology appeared to be effective in preparation of ASC-P nanoparticles using the optimum formulation.

1.7. Therapeutic Uses of Ascorbyl n-Alkyl Fatty Acid Derivative-Incorporated Nanocarriers Representative applications Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of ASC-P for therapeutic uses include the skin permeation enhancer and synergistic cytotoxic action. Skin permeation enhancement of ASC-P by liposomal hydrogel (lipogel) formulation was reported by Lee et al. [24]. The ASC-P-incorporated liposome was formulated as lipogel Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical by dispersion of the liposome into a poloxamer hydrogel matrix. The permeated amounts of ASC-P from the lipogels were higher than that of the control hydrogel containing Transcutol to solubilize ASC-P. Skin permeation of ASC-P improved when an electric current system that mimics an electric skin massager Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical was used. In the cathodal delivery condition, the skin permeation characteristics of the negative lipogels were

superior to those obtained with the neutral lipogels. D’Souza et al. reported anticancer toxicity of ASC-P-incorporated liposomes and micelles in numerous cancer cell lines [25]. ASC-P-incorporated liposomes preferentially associated with various cancer cells compared to noncancer cells. In addition, ASC-P enhanced the cytotoxic action of paclitaxel when simultaneously incorporated into liposomes. The tumor-cell association and killing and the cytotoxic action of encapsulated paclitaxel in liposomes can potentiate the Z-VAD-FMK cost effect of ASC-P and paclitaxel. Cancer cell cytotoxicity and targeting was from also observed both in vitro and in vivo using polyethylene glycol phosphatidylethanolamine micelles [26]. The mechanism of cell death was reported to be due to generation of reactive oxygen species. Similar cytotoxic activity against tumor cells was reported using polymeric nanoparticles containing the antitumor compound transdehydrocrotonin (DHC) and L-ascorbic acid 6-stearate (ASC-S), which was taken up more easily by tumor cells than by normal ones [27].

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