In this case, the RFA acts as an exogenous source of local tissue

In this case, the RFA acts as an exogenous source of local tissue hyperthermia (39.5–42°C) that simultaneously acts as a thermal trigger for controlled release of ThermoDox encapsulated doxorubicin. The company’s pipeline going forward focuses on the use of Thermodox nanoparticles under thermal triggered

release CO-1686 price conditions for the treatment of breast, colorectal, and primary liver cancer lesions [70, 71]. This is the first time that thermally Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical triggered drug-ABC nanoparticles have been devised and used in clinical trials. A further evolution of this concept has now been more recently reported with the simultaneous entrapment of both doxorubicin and an MRI positive contrast agent, Gd(HPDO3A)(H2O), into thermally triggered drug-ABC nanoparticles [72]. High frequency ultrasound (HIFU) was used as an alternative thermal trigger for the controlled release of encapsulated drug at 42°C. The simultaneous release of MRI contrast agent enabled the observation of release in real time and led Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical to an estimation of doxorubicin release kinetics. Researchers involved in ThermoDox have similarly reported on the development of a thermally triggered drug-ABC nanoparticle system Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical with doxorubicin

co-encapsulated with the MRI contrast agent Prohance [73]. Using HIFU as a thermal trigger once more, they were able to promote controlled release of drug in rabbits with Vx2 tumours and monitor drug release in real time by MRI [74]. The same researchers also developed an algorithm to simulate the thermal trigger effects of HIFU [75]. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Simulation data were in agreement with the HIFU-induced mean tissue temperature increasing from 37°C to between 40.4°C and 41.3°C, leading to quite heterogeneous kinetic drug release behaviour [75]. On the other hand, we have striven to draw inspiration from the Gd-ABC and Gd-ABCD imaging nanoparticle systems described above [58–60, 76, 77] and ThermoDox data, in order to derive alternative thermally triggered theranostic drug-ABC nanoparticles. These could also be described as thermal Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical trig-anostic drug-ABC nanoparticles very shortened to the acronym thermal TNPs (Figure 3). Figure 3 Schematic

of thermal trig-anostic drug-ABC nanoparticles (thermal TNPs) enabled for thermally triggered release of encapsulated drug in tumours by means of ultrasound, together with real-time, diagnostic imaging of nanoparticle biodistribution by MRI … By description, these nanoparticles are enabled for thermally triggered release of encapsulated drug in tumours by means of ultrasound, together with real-time, diagnostic imaging of nanoparticle biodistribution with drug pharmacokinetics. Critical to this proposition is the use of Gd.DOTA.DSA once again. Going forward, MRI agent use could be supplemented with other substantive clinical imaging agents leading to new families of triggered multimodal imaging theranostic drug-ABC nanoparticles.

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