, 2013a and Teffer et al , 2013) suggests differences in local ci

, 2013a and Teffer et al., 2013) suggests differences in local circuit organization. Relevant to this notion is that one characteristic of human cerebral cortex is the high number and variety of local circuits neurons, Torin 1 solubility dmso most of which are inhibitory GABAergic interneurons (e.g., DeFelipe et al., 2002). One recent finding is that, unlike in the rodent, where GABA interneurons are generated in the ganglionic eminence (GE) of the ventral telencephalon (e.g., Anderson et al., 2001 and de Carlos et al., 1996), a subclass of these cells in the human embryos are generated in the VZ/SVZ of the dorsal telencephalon (e.g., Jakovcevski et al., 2011, Letinic et al., 2002 and Petanjek et al.,

2009). Genes involved in the development BIBW2992 of the GABAergic cells, including Nkx2.1, that are present in the mouse GE are present in both GE as well as dorsal VZ/SVZ in human embryos (Allan Brain Institute). A deeper discussion of all of the human-specific

quantitative and qualitative differences, including cell types and morphology, are beyond the scope of this chapter, but some key phenotypic differences are highlighted in Table 1. Clearly more phenotype discovery is needed (Preuss, 2012). The increase of cortical surface during evolution by the introduction of new radial units, as well as the expansion and elaboration of the cytoarchitectonic areas, provide an opportunity for evolution to create novel input/target/output relationships with other structures via natural selection. Thus, we emphasize that the primordial protomap provides only a blueprint with a specific biological potential that can fully differentiate into a species-specific archetype of neural connections through reciprocal interactions between interconnected levels (e.g., Molnár and Blakemore, 1995, O’Leary and Stanfield, 1989, Rakic, 1981, Rakic et al., 1991, Rakic et al., 2009 and Selemon et al., 2013). The reciprocal interaction with subcortical structures and other cortical areas is essential but not a sufficient determinant of regional

specification else and circuit formation, which are subsequently modified by coordinated electrical activity (Katz and Crowley, 2002 and Katz and Shatz, 1996). The essential role of the environment and extended postnatal development in human brain is further emphasized by the observation that relative to all other primates, the human brain comprises a far smaller percentage of its eventual adult mass at birth (Bianchi et al., 2013b and Robson and Wood, 2008). Yet, in adulthood, human cortical neuropil is significantly expanded in comparison with chimpanzee, especially in prefrontal cortex (Spocter et al., 2012). Additionally, in humans, the processes of dendritic and synaptic maturation, as well as synaptic elimination, are prolonged relative to other mammals and primates (Bianchi et al.

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