12 However, this remains unproven in predicting
hemostatic or thrombotic outcomes in liver disease. Until the validity of these approaches is demonstrated, hemostatic challenges in hepatic failure will continue to be managed based on clinical factors, with astute clinicians remaining aware of both sides of the hemostatic equation. “
“Hepatic osteodystrophy in the form of osteoporosis (i.e., low bone mass with microarchitectural disruption and skeletal http://www.selleckchem.com/products/AC-220.html fragility) resulting in an increased risk of fracture, particularly at the spine, hip, wrist, humerus, and pelvis, is a well-known complication of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). Studies using dual-photon or -energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) had reported a prevalence of osteoporosis (i.e., T-score ≤−2.5, i.e., a value for bone mineral densitometry [BMD] 2.5 or more standard deviations below the Sotrastaurin clinical trial young adult reference mean) in patients with PBC varying from 14% to 52%, with an additional 30%-50% suffering from osteopenia (i.e., T-score between −1 and −2.5).[1-8] The prevalence of
osteoporosis among patients with PBC is significantly higher than in the age- and sex-matched population,[2, 4, 7, 8] and thus BMD testing with DXA is recommended for all patients with PBC regardless of their age, sex, and menopausal status. Studies had demonstrated that the prevalence of osteoporosis in PBC is higher in older postmenopausal women as well as in those with lower body mass index, more advanced fibrosis on liver biopsy, and increasing severity and duration learn more of PBC.[2, 4, 7] The prevalence of osteoporosis in PBC appears to be decreasing over time,[9] likely related to improved treatment for PBC and the diagnosis of the liver disease made at earlier stages. Osteoporosis is usually a silent disease in patients
with PBC until it is complicated by fractures—fractures that can occur after minimal trauma (fragility fractures or low-trauma fractures). Vertebral and nonvertebral fractures occur in 1 of 4 or 5 patients with PBC.[10] When compared with the general population, the absolute increase in fracture risk in patients with PBC is moderately increased with an absolute excess fracture rate of 12.5 per 1,000 person-years.[11] Prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in PBC consists of nondrug and drug or hormonal therapy. There are three components to the nondrug therapy of osteoporosis: diet (adequate intake of calories, calcium, and vitamin D); exercise; and cessation of smoking. The above-listed measures should be adopted universally in all patients with PBC, not only in postmenopausal women, to reduce bone loss. PBC patients with osteoporosis or at high risk for the disease should be considered for drug therapy. Particular attention should be paid to treating patients with a recent fracture, because they are at high risk for a second fracture.