Different types of sensors have been employed in SHM to measure t

Different types of sensors have been employed in SHM to measure the responses of structures, such as acceleration [13�C16], displacement [17�C21], and strain [22�C26].In special circumstances, strain-type sensors are adopted to directly measure the strain of a structural element. The stress distribution estimated from a strain measurement can be utilized in a safety assessment of an element by comparing it with the yield stress of materials or the design strength of structural members. Several types of strain gauges are used to monitor structural responses, including electrical strain gauges (ESGs), fiber optic sensors (FOSs, [27�C31]), and vibrating wire strain gauges (VWSGs, [32�C34]). Among these strain-type sensors, FOSs and VWSGs, which are immune to electromagnetic interference and provide superior endurance, are actively studied and employed in SHM.

Despite the outstanding potential of FOSs in health monitoring applications [27], FOSs are extremely fragile, which contributes to a high rate of installation failure in real structures. In addition, both the measurement system and sensors are relatively expensive compared with VWSGs. Other advantages of VWSGs include the ease and low cost of installation and the use of a smaller amount of data logger bandwidth due to the simple measurement principle of VWSGs. They are appropriate for long-term monitoring because vibrating wires exhibit minimal deterioration over time.The accuracy and reliability of VWSGs as sensors for measuring strain have been verified from numerous laboratory experiments [35�C38].

However, few studies have focused on its application in actual building construction, for which numerous obstacles hinder stable measurements. Although some researchers have conducted real-time monitoring using VWSGs in high-rise buildings during construction [39], the development of WSNS for buildings under construction remains a unique and challenging task.As a practical monitoring technique, a WSNS based on VWSGs is proposed to obtain reliable data that can enhance structural safety and construction precision through long-term real-time monitoring. The proposed WSNS realized the functions required by wireless network systems through the application of a power-saving wireless VWSG sensor node, which offers three major built-in functions: data collection, data processing, and data transmission.

With the exception of the signal cable that connects the sensor to the sensor node, the proposed system enables the entire network to be wireless. Therefore, Cilengitide an automatic system in which the manager can examine data collected from VWSGs in real time was realized.The structural system of the subject building consists of two mega-trusses, which were installed above four mega-columns to form a three-dimensional irregular shape on a maximum scale. These mega-structures were designed to support the floor and roof of a large space.

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