In a recent study from Malaysia, a high intake of salted fish and vegetables was found to be significantly associated with gastric cancer.39 Conversely, Selleckchem Fer-1 several prospective studies have reported significant reductions in gastric cancer risk arising from consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables and the results were summarized in a recent meta-analysis.40 There was an inverse association between fruit intake and gastric
cancer incidence (risk ratio [RR] 0.82; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.73–0.93) and this was stronger for follow-up periods of > 10 years (RR 0.66; 95%CI: 0.52–0.83). For vegetables, the RR was 0.88 (95%CI: 0.69–1.13) using all incidence studies and 0.71 (95%CI: 0.53–0.94) when considering only those with a longer follow up. Green tea is made from the plant Camellia sinensis. Camellia sinensis contains the active ingredient polyphenol, which has a subgroup, catechins, which are powerful anti-oxidants and may inhibit
cell proliferation and prevent cancer. Although the data on the effect of green tea on gastric cancer prevention are conflicting,41 a recent Japanese study that analyzed pooled data from six cohort studies suggested that in women, a significantly decreased risk of distal gastric cancer was observed for those with consumption of ≥ 5 cups/day of green tea (multivariate-adjusted pooled learn more hazard ratio = 0.70, 95%CI = 0.50–0.96). In contrast, a lack of association for proximal gastric cancer was consistently seen in both men and women.3 However, these epidemiological associations do not establish beyond doubt that dietary interventions will reduce gastric cancer incidence. Similar to dietary salt and nitrites, it is quite clear that
smoking is an important factor in gastric cancer. A meta-analysis of published studies found that a history of smoking was significantly associated with gastric cancer risk. The OR increased 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 by 43% for gastric cancer risk in current and past smokers (OR = 1.43; 95%CI: 1.24–1.66) and by 57% in current smokers (OR = 1.57; 95%CI: 1.24–2.01).42 Metabolic factors such as dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia have also been implicated as risk factors for gastric cancer but more data are required to substantiate these findings. Asano et al. conducted a prospective population-based study to examine the association between serum cholesterol levels and the incidence of gastric cancer.43 It was found that the risk of gastric cancer increased with decreasing cholesterol levels, even after adjustment for other confounding factors such as age, gender, H. pylori infection, atrophic gastritis, family history of malignant neoplasm, smoking habits, body mass index, and dietary factors. This association was significant for intestinal-type gastric cancers, but not for diffuse-type. Jung et al. showed in a case–control study that risk for dysplasia was increased among patients with a higher low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level and hyperglycemia compared to controls.