In this paper, we formulate an alternative model of sex ratio evolution that is focused on the dynamics and quantitative properties of this process and www.selleckchem.com/products/CAL-101.html that combine a rigorous genetic approach with a game theoretic strategic analysis. In the new model, females are the strategic agents and males are the passive carriers on unexpressed genes. Fitness functions in the new model are derived with respect to a “”fitness exchange”" effect, i.e. the contribution of male individuals to female fitness and vice versa. This new model shows that the dynamics of this system are complex and consist of two phases. The first, rapid, phase converges the
system to a stable manifold (termed the male subpopulation equilibrium-MSE) where the male subpopulation state is in equilibrium, conditional on the current state of the female subpopulation. Double phase dynamics occur when the population state is not compatible with the current strategic composition of the population (determined by the value of the primary sex ratio) which can be caused by ecological factors. The trajectory of convergence to the MSE can be very complicated and may contain a dramatic change in the primary sex ratio. Thus, the primary sex ratio
of 0.5 is unstable for perturbations of gene frequencies among male carriers. Therefore, the new model supports predictions Evofosfamide of genetic models that the evolutionary stability of the sex ratio should be characterized by a combination of a stable value of the primary sex ratio and the male subpopulation equilibrium. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Background: Inhibition of return (IOR) has been tested in patients with schizophrenia with contradictory results. Some studies indicated that patients with schizophrenia have normal levels of IOR; however, other studies reported delayed or blunted IOR. Inconsistency in findings might be due to differences across studies in relevant aspects associated with disease, such as heterogeneity of the disorder, different medications, onset
and severity of the illness. The present study was to explore different patterns of IOR in antipsychotic medication free first-episode schizophrenia and chronic CB-5083 ic50 schizophrenia.
Methods: Forty two patients with first-episode schizophrenia, 44 patients with chronic schizophrenia, and 38 healthy controls were included in the study. All subjects went through a covert orienting of attention task with seven stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) intervals (400 ms, 500 ms, 600 ms, 700 ms, 800 ms, 1200 ms and 1500 ms).
Results: Compared with healthy controls, the magnitude and onset of IOR in first-episode patients with schizophrenia were intact. However, in patients with chronic schizophrenia, there was an attenuated cuing effect especially at SOA 700 ms; in addition, there was a robust IOR until at SOAs 800 ms or above.