It was found that the relative intensity ratio I(E(2TO))/I(E(3TO+2LO)+B1) of Raman optical modes varied periodically by 180 degrees with the polarized direction DAPT of the laser beam. The
maximum change in the intensity ratio may be correlated with the extent of the polarization within the PLZT ceramics. Upon taking the effects of the long-range electric fields associated with the polar vibrations into consideration, a formula is developed to describe the variations in the intensity ratio I(E(2TO))/I(E(3TO+2LO)+B1), and the average orientation within the examined grain during the application of electric field is further evaluated to be similar to 33.8 degrees.”
“Cancer is a leading cause of widowed fatherhood in the USA. Fathers whose spouses have died from cancer constitute a potentially vulnerable population as they adjust to their role as sole or primary caregiver while managing their own grief and that of their children. The importance of addressing the psychological needs of widowed fathers is underscored by data showing that father’s coping and emotional availability are closely tied to their bereaved children’s mental health. Surprisingly, scant attention has been given to GDC-0973 ic50 the phenomenon of widowed fatherhood with virtually
no clinical resources or research studies devoted to fathers who have lost their wives to cancer. This commentary highlights key challenges facing this underserved population of widowers and calls for development of research agendas and clinical interventions for single fathers due to cancer. Copyright (C) 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.”
“A simple method to obtain a physically
crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogel is reported. In this technique, the PVA solution in pure water was simply cast at room temperature without using any additional BAY 73-4506 solubility dmso chemical. The gelation proceeded during the dehydration after casting the PVA solution into a mold. After the completion of gelation, the swelling ratio of the gel in its equilibrium was measured whenever the solvent water was repeatedly exchanged. The weight gradually decreased due to the elution of non-crosslinked polymers into the solvent, and became constant after sufficient water exchange. The measurements using a Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy and an X-ray diffraction suggested that the crosslinks due to hydrogen bonds and microcrystals were formed during the dehydration process of the PVA solution. We concluded that the sample obtained by the present method is a physically crosslinked polymer network, insoluble in water, i.e., a swollen gel in water. (C) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.