The CAARS yields symptom scales based on DSM-IV criteria for ADHD (i.e., inattentive and hyperactive�Cimpulsive symptoms). Inattentive and hyperactivity�Cimpulsivity symptom severity scores were used in the current study. The CAARS has adequate reliability and validity (Erhardt, Epstein, Conners, ABT-888 Parker, & Sitarenios, 1999). Smoking-Related Affective Functioning Four questionnaires were administered to collect information on SRAF. The 20-item Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS; Watson, Clark, & Carey, 1988; Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988) was completed. Both positive and negative affect scales are largely uncorrelated with one another, are fairly reliable over a 2-month period, and have demonstrated validity (Watson, Clark, et al., 1988).
Emotion dysregulation was assessed by items from the CAARS Impulsivity/Emotional Lability scale (Conners et al., 1999). Items from this subscale do not overlap with inattentive or hyperactive�Cimpulsive DSM-IV ADHD symptoms. Previous studies have administered the child version of this subscale to assess emotion dysregulation (Anastopoulos et al., in press) and demonstrated that this scale partially mediates the association between ADHD and various outcomes (e.g., functional impairment and treatment service utilization). We calculated a total score from the six emotion regulation items (e.g., ��I am easily frustrated�� and ��Many things set me off easily��) on this subscale by summing them as in previous studies (Mitchell, Robertson, Anastopolous, Nelson-Gray, & Kollins, 2011). This subscale assesses temper, irritability, stress intolerance, and labile mood.
Internal consistency for this scale is very good (�� = .94; Mitchell et al., 2011). The 36-item Anxiety Sensitivity Index-R (ASI-R; Peterson & Reiss, 1992; Reiss, Peterson, Gursky, & McNally, 1986; Taylor & Cox, 1998) assesses concerns about the emotional and physical consequences of experiencing anxiety symptoms. The ASI-R has excellent psychometric properties in both clinical and nonclinical samples (Maller & Reiss, 1992; Peterson & Reiss, 1992; Taylor & Cox, 1998; Telch, Lucas, & Nelson, 1989). The 10-item Brief Questionnaire on Smoking Urges (QSU) composed of two smoking expectancy subscales was administered. On Factor 1, a high score indicates urge to smoke in order to obtain positive reinforcement associated with rewarding aspects of smoking.
On Factor 2, a high score indicates urge to smoke in order to obtain negative reinforcement associated with relief from negative Entinostat affect (Tiffany & Drobes, 1991). This scale has demonstrated factor structure and internal consistency (Cox, Tiffany, & Christen, 2001). Data Analysis PTSD and nonPTSD smokers were compared on self-reported DSM-IV ADHD symptoms following analysis of variance. Eta square (��2) was calculated and was interpreted in accordance with standard guidelines (i.e., effect sizes ��.0099 are small, ��.