, 1997, Jankovski et al , 1998 and Kaneko et al , 2010) The adul

, 1997, Jankovski et al., 1998 and Kaneko et al., 2010). The adult VZ-SVZ also generates oligodendrocyte precursors labeled by the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan NG2 and oligodendrocytes, although in much lower numbers than the type A neuroblasts (Hack et al.,

2005, Menn et al., 2006 and Komitova et al., 2009). This niche also includes microglia, the primary immune cell type present in the brain (Walton et al., 2006, Ekdahl et al., 2009 and Thored et al., 2009). The VZ-SVZ—type B1 cells in particular—is therefore poised to receive informational inputs via cell-cell contacts and extracellular signals from ependymal cells, more committed progenitors, the extracellular matrix, the SVZ vasculature, the cerebrospinal

fluid, PLX4032 manufacturer and surrounding neural tissue. Below, we review current evidence on the extensive array of signals that maintain the delicate balance between self-renewal and proliferation within this long-lived germinal region. Type B1 cells Selleck BTK inhibitor have been reported to express several proteins that distinguish them from other cells within the niche. In addition to their astrocytic morphology and ultrastructure, type B cells express markers that have been associated with astroglia or neural progenitors, including astrocyte-specific glutamate transporter (GLAST), brain-lipid-binding protein (BLBP), connexin 30, and the cytoskeletal proteins glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), vimentin, and nestin (Doetsch et al., 1999a, Hartfuss et al., 2001,

Platel et al., 2008a, Pastrana et al., 2009 and Nomura et al., 2010). Ependymal cells express CD24 and S100β, while type B1 cells do not (Raponi et al., 2007, Mirzadeh et al., 2008, Pastrana et al., 2009 and Beckervordersandforth et al., 2010). Both the ependyma and Type B1 cells have been reported to express prominin/CD133 (Coskun et al., 2008, Mirzadeh et al., 2008, Beckervordersandforth et al., 2010 and Nomura et al., 2010), a protein often employed as a stem cell marker (Shmelkov et al., 2005 and Shmelkov et al., 2008). However, the CD133 staining of apical endings of type B1 cells is variable and may be dynamically Montelukast Sodium regulated (Mirzadeh et al., 2008). The cell surface carbohydrate Lewis X (LeX)/CD15/SSEA-1 has also been proposed to label the stem cell population in the VZ-SVZ (Capela and Temple, 2002, Imura et al., 2006 and Shen et al., 2008). The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the transcription factors Ascl1 (Mash1) and Dlx2 are generally used as C cell markers (Doetsch et al., 2002 and Parras et al., 2004), while doublecortin (Dcx) and polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM) distinguish Dlx2-positive young neuroblasts from C cells (Seki and Arai, 1993, Francis et al., 1999, Yang et al., 2004 and Couillard-Despres et al., 2006).

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