8 From a health perspective, breakfast consumption may favourably affect nutrition, body composition, and chronic disease risk markers; all of which have considerable relevance given public health concerns of Cell Cycle inhibitor obesity and associated cardiometabolic disorders in young people, including insulin resistance,
dyslipidaemia, and hypertension.12 and 13 This is particularly concerning for the younger generation since the transition from adolescence to adulthood appears to be a high-risk period for weight gain14 and the temporal reduction in insulin sensitivity during the pubertal period.15 and 16 It is also clear that childhood obesity tracks into adulthood14 and can
have adverse consequences on mortality and morbidity in later life.17 Since childhood and adolescence have been identified as critical periods for GDC-0199 ic50 the establishment of lifestyle behaviors, and it is widely recognised that obesity prevention provides a more effective and realistic solution than treatment, attention should be directed towards young people.18 The observed relationships between breakfast consumption and health may not be due to consumption per se, but rather the composition or “quality” of breakfast. 19 Ready-to-eat-breakfast-cereals (RTEBC) are often consumed for breakfast in westernised countries heptaminol 20, 21 and 22 and studies have distinguished between RTEBC and non-RTEBC consumers. 19, 23 and 24 There has also been considerable interest in the health benefits of whole-grain, fibre-rich, low-energy-dense breakfasts that contain low glycaemic index (LGI) carbohydrates (CHO). 25 and 26 This complements the large body of research advocating the health benefits of LGI diets in adults 27 and, to a lesser extent, in young people. 28 and 29 Previous reviews have comprehensively examined the health benefits of regular breakfast consumption and advocated the consumption of high-fibre breakfasts
containing nutrient-rich whole grains in young people, but have only touched upon the effect of breakfast composition and paid little attention to breakfast glycaemic index (GI).2 and 3 Thus, the purpose of this review is not to provide an exhaustive overview of the literature on breakfast consumption, but rather to focus on breakfast composition, particularly GI and metabolism. Following an overview of the epidemiological evidence on breakfast consumption, obesity, and health, the concept of glycaemic index is described and experimental evidence examining the effect of breakfast GI on health markers, metabolism, and satiety is reviewed. For clarity, breakfast skipping is defined as a habitual choice in free-living conditions (e.g.