These analyses yielded no significant interactions. DISCUSSION Analyses of primary outcomes for young adults showed that, relative to self-help, quitline counseling significantly increased the likelihood of setting a quit date at 1-month postenrollment not at the 3- or 6-month end points. Sunitinib msds Contrary to prediction, quitline counseling did not affect the likelihood of making a serious quit attempt or successfully quitting at any of the study end points. Utilization of quitline counseling was fairly low. Only 35% of young adult callers completed three or four calls and nearly 10% of young adult participants completed no counseling calls at all. It should be noted that, although this study offered a monetary incentive for participation, it did not require participants to set a quit date.
This is in keeping with routine practice at the tested quitline in which individuals can receive counseling despite not committing to making a quit attempt. However, this means that this study may have recruited participants low in quitting motivation, which could account for the relatively low counseling utilization as well as the lack of treatment differences in the overall ITT abstinence analyses. These findings suggest a need for improved triage and counseling of young adult smokers calling quitlines for assistance such that those lower in motivation to quit would receive more potent motivational treatment and those ready to quit would receive evidence-based cessation counseling and, if appropriate, pharmacotherapy (Baker et al., 2011; Fiore et al., 2008).
Analyses of counseling utilization showed that more intense quitline counseling (two or more sessions) was associated with better outcomes including greater AV-951 quitting success in the young adult sample. It is possible that participants who engaged in more counseling were more motivated to quit and this may explain their higher abstinence rates. The current correlational findings argue for conducting additional research on counseling intensity in young smokers. Given the lower-than-expected rates of study engagement (i.e., in counseling and follow-up), we explored participant characteristics in relation to counseling call completion as well as follow-up call completion. Due to the number and post hoc nature of these analyses, we controlled for potential inflation of the Type I error rate using the Benjamini�CHochberg procedure (Benjamini & Hochberg, 1995). Participants with less than a high school education were less likely to complete more than one counseling call than other participants but no other participant characteristic appeared to be associated with counseling engagement. In contrast, several participant characteristics were associated with follow-up call completion.